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Also called "development in context" or "human ecology" theory, ecological systems theory was originally formulated by Urie Bronfenbrenner.It specifies four types of nested environmental systems, with bi-directional influences within and between the systems; they are the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem.
These symbols can be used by individuals who are not able to communicate using speech or other abstract symbol systems, such as sign language. [1] However, for those who have the ability to communicate using speech, learning to use tangible symbols does not hinder further developing acquisition of natural speech and/or language development ...
The psychic counterpart of instinct, archetypes are thought to be the basis of many of the common themes and symbols that appear in stories, myths, and dreams across different cultures and societies. Some examples of archetypes include those of the mother , the child, the trickster , and the flood , among others.
This system is composed of five socially organized subsystems that support and guide human development. Each system depends on the contextual nature of the person's life and offers an evergrowing diversity of options and sources of growth. Furthermore, within and between each system are bi-directional influences.
Moreover, Piaget claimed that cognitive development is at the centre of the human organism, and language is contingent on knowledge and understanding acquired through cognitive development. [6] Piaget's earlier work received the greatest attention. Child-centred classrooms and "open education" are direct applications of Piaget's views. [7]
Each child develops in a unique way; however, using norms helps in understanding these general patterns of development while recognizing the wide variation between individuals. One way to identify pervasive developmental disorders is if infants fail to meet the development milestones in time or at all.
In this stage of a child's development, they create a vocabulary of images. Thus when a child draws a picture of a cat, they will always draw the same basic image, perhaps modified (one cat has stripes while another has dots, for example). This stage of drawing begins at around age five. The basic shapes are called symbols or schema.
Thus for Jung, "the child is potential future", and the child archetype is a symbol of the developing personality. [ 6 ] Others have warned, however, of the dangers posed to the parents drawn in by the "divine child" archetype – the belief of extraordinary potential in a child.