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The Rebuilding of Jerusalem. In the 20th year of Artaxerxes I (445 or 444 BC), [4] Nehemiah was cup-bearer to the king. [5] Learning that the remnant of Jews in Judah were in distress and that the walls of Jerusalem were broken down, he asked the king for permission to return and rebuild the city, [6] around 13 years after Ezra's arrival in Jerusalem in ca. 458 BC. [7]
These are biblical figures unambiguously identified in contemporary sources according to scholarly consensus.Biblical figures that are identified in artifacts of questionable authenticity, for example the Jehoash Inscription and the bullae of Baruch ben Neriah, or who are mentioned in ancient but non-contemporary documents, such as David and Balaam, [n 1] are excluded from this list.
The combined book Ezra–Nehemiah of the earliest Christian and Jewish period was known as Ezra and was probably attributed to Ezra himself; according to a rabbinic tradition, however, Nehemiah was the real author but was forbidden to claim authorship because of his bad habit of disparaging others. [7]
Nehemiah heard the Jewish people's complaints and got angry at the profiteering of the Jewish nobles and officials, especially those serving in the holy temple who were exempt from the heavy Persian taxes. Nehemiah assembled a public hearing and urged the nobles to restore confiscated fields and houses and forgive loans.
In the 19th century and for much of the 20th, it was believed that Chronicles and Ezra–Nehemiah came from the same author or circle of authors (similar to the traditional view which held Ezra to be the author of all three), but the usual view among modern scholars is that the differences between Chronicles and Ezra–Nehemiah are greater than the similarities, and that Ezra–Nehemiah itself ...
Nehemiah was passionate for the glory of God, so even while driven by empathy, before he formulated any plan, his first response was to pray to God. [16] Eight times in his prayer, Nehemiah uses the term servant to refer himself, the Jewish people or Moses, also to begin and to close his prayer, showing his 'reverential submission' to God. [17]
Rehum son of Bani, a Levite, appears in a list of people who contributed to building Nehemiah's wall in Nehemiah 3:17. Rehum, a member of a group of priests associated with Zerubbabel according to Nehemiah 12:3. Rehum was an official, according to Ezra 4:8–23, who along with collaborators opposed the Jewish attempt to rebuild Jerusalem.
Eliashib (Hebrew: אֶלְיָשִׁיב ’Elyāšîḇ, "El restores") the High Priest is mentioned in Nehemiah 12:10,22 and 3:1, 20-21,13:28 and possibly the Book of Ezra of the Hebrew Bible as (grand)father (Nehemiah 12:22) of the high priest Johanan (Ezra 10:6). Some also place him in different parts of Nehemiah including 12:23 and 13:4,7 ...