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NPIs have been recommended for pandemic influenza at both local [3] and global levels [4] and studied at large scale during the 2009 swine flu pandemic [5] and the COVID-19 pandemic. [6] [7] [8] NPIs are typically used in the period between the emergence of an epidemic disease and the deployment of an effective vaccine. [9]
Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates that resulted from the epidemic, the Spanish flu began to fade from public awareness over the decades until the arrival of news about bird flu and other pandemics in the 1990s and 2000s. [320] [321] This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a "forgotten pandemic". [177]
The 1918 flu pandemic, commonly referred to as the Spanish flu, was a category 5 influenza pandemic caused by an unusually severe and deadly Influenza A virus strain of subtype H1N1. The difference between the influenza mortality age-distributions of the 1918 epidemic and normal epidemics.
Influenza A viruses are further classified, based on the viral surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA or H) and neuraminidase (NA or N). 18 HA subtypes (or serotypes) and 11 NA subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated in nature. Among these, the HA subtype 1-16 and NA subtype 1-9 are found in wild waterfowl and shorebirds and the HA ...
Manchurian plague (part of the third plague pandemic) 1910–1911 China: Pneumonic plague: 60,000 [185] 1916 United States polio epidemic 1916 United States Poliomyelitis: 7,130 [186] 1918 influenza pandemic ('Spanish flu') 1918–1920 Worldwide Influenza A virus subtype H1N1: 17–100 million [187] [188] [189] 1918–1922 Russia typhus ...
1918 campaign on the dangers of Spanish flu Ministry of Health poster used during the Second World War, designed by H. M. Bateman. Later film produced in 1945 "Coughs and sneezes spread diseases" was a slogan first used in the United States during the 1918–20 influenza pandemic – later used in the Second World War by Ministries of Health in Commonwealth countries – to encourage good ...
[4] [5] Major outbreaks of H1N1 strains in humans include the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, the 1977 Russian flu pandemic and the 2009 swine flu pandemic, all of which were caused by strains of A(H1N1) virus which are believed to have undergone genetic reassortment. [6]
Several studies found only weak signs of adaptive evolution early in the COVID-19 pandemic. [c] Kang et al. wrote that SARS-CoV-2 had exhibited relatively little genetic variation by 2021. [47] Tai et al. wrote that population expansion rather than positive selection explained the mutation frequency spectrum during the early pandemic. [49]