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For example, most opioids cause sedation when given at a sufficiently high dose, but peripherally selective opioids can act on the rest of the body without entering the brain and are less likely to cause sedation. [1] These peripherally selective opioids can be used as antidiarrheals, for instance loperamide (Imodium). [2]
Loperamide, sold under the brand name Imodium, among others, [1] is a medication of the opioid receptor agonist class used to decrease the frequency of diarrhea. [5] [4] It is often used for this purpose in irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, short bowel syndrome, [4] Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. [5]
By binding to μ-opioid receptors, loperamide inhibits acetylcholine release and decreases excitation of neurons in the myenteric plexus, which leads to a decrease in peristalsis. [4] Decreasing intestinal motility prolongs the transit time of food content through the digestive tract, which allows for more fluid absorption; thereby alleviating ...
Approximately 90% of the dose is excreted in urine within 24 hours and less than 1% of the dose is recovered in feces. [1] The elimination half-life of instant-release viloxazine is 2 to 5 hours (2–3 hours in the most reliable studies) [2] and the half-life of extended-release viloxazine is 7.02 ± 4.74 hours. [1]
The holidays are a festive time of year. Homes are decorated for the season — Christmas trees, ornaments, poinsettias, and the like. And there are also plenty of holiday treats that are ...
The holiday season is incomplete for many people without holiday movies. This year, Netflix is streaming a wide range of Christmas classics and original movies.
Frequent exposure to victimization or bullying was related to high risks of depression, ideation and suicide attempts compared to those not involved in bullying. [24] Nicotine dependence is also associated with depression, anxiety, and poor dieting, mostly in young men. [25]
Psychosis risk increases 81% on high-dose amphetamine For this study, researchers analyzed medical data from adults between the ages of 16 and 35 treated at Mass General Brigham between 2005 and 2019.