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The microbiome is defined as a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonable well-defined habitat which has distinct physio-chemical properties. The microbiome not only refers to the microorganisms involved but also encompass their theatre of activity, which results in the formation of specific ecological niches.
The microbiome and host emerged during evolution as a synergistic unit from epigenetics and genetic characteristics, sometimes collectively referred to as a holobiont. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The presence of microbiota in human and other metazoan guts has been critical for understanding the co-evolution between metazoans and bacteria.
Microbiome research refers to the studying of microorganisms' interaction within and outside of the host. Common microorganisms include different types of fungi, bacteria, and viruses, and the community of microorganisms is known as the microbiome. These microorganisms exist in most of our body parts, contributing to our health. [20]
The human microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside, [1] [2] including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, mammary glands, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, and the biliary tract.
Microbiomics is the study of microbiome dynamics, function, and structure. [19] This area of study employs several techniques to study the microbiome in its host environment: [ 18 ] Sampling methods focused on collecting representative samples of the local environment, either from oral swabs or stool.
The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was a United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) research initiative to improve understanding of the microbiota involved in human health and disease. Launched in 2007, [ 1 ] the first phase (HMP1) focused on identifying and characterizing human microbiota.
nature.com Latest Research, reviews and news on microbiology; Microbes.info is a microbiology information portal containing a vast collection of resources including articles, news, frequently asked questions, and links pertaining to the field of microbiology. Microbiology on In Our Time at the BBC
The concept and field of gnotobiology was born of a debate between Louis Pasteur and Marceli Nencki in the late 19th century, in which Pasteur argued that animal life needed bacteria to succeed while Nencki argued that animals would be healthier without bacteria, [2] but it wasn't until 1960 that the Association for Gnotobiotics was formed. [4]