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While knowledge was being accumulated regarding the biology of phages and how to use phage cocktails correctly, early uses of phage therapy were often unreliable. [29] Since the early 20th century, research into the development of viable therapeutic antibiotics had also been underway, and by 1942, the antibiotic penicillin G had been ...
George Eliava pioneered the use of phages in treating bacterial infections. Phages were discovered to be antibacterial agents and were used in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia (pioneered there by Giorgi Eliava with help from the co-discoverer of bacteriophages, Félix d'Hérelle) during the 1920s and 1930s for treating bacterial infections.
Production problems were most likely due to the attempt to mass-produce phages when they were barely understood. The phages may have been damaged and/or too low in concentration. Another possibility is that incorrect diagnoses led to the use of the irrelevant types of phages that were not adapted to the host bacteria of interest. Many studies ...
Many of the leaders of the emerging field of molecular biology were alumni of the phage course, which continued to be taught through the 1950s and 1960s. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] In 1995, Millard Susman published a retrospective article on the phage course as it was given over the years (1945 – 1970) both at Cold Spring Harbor (New York) and at the ...
Bacterial resistance to phages puts pressure on the phages to develop stronger effects on the bacteria. The Red Queen hypothesis describes this relationship, as the organisms must constantly adapt and evolve in order to survive. [15] This relationship is important to understand as phages are now being used for more practical and medicinal purposes.
Characteristics given are cluster assignment, number of subclusters (Sub.), number of phages in the cluster, host species from which the phages were isolated, the average genome size, average percent GC content, average number of ORFS, and the morphotype. Species abbreviations are Bacillus anthracis (A), Bacillus cereus (C), Bacillus sp.
Phages used for phage typing are generally isolated from the native habitats of the host bacterial strain. [27] These may include sewage, feces, soil, and water. [ 27 ] Temperate phages may be isolated from the bacterium itself since it is incorporated into the bacterial genome during lysogenization.
Phages make up the majority of most viromes and are currently understood as being the most abundant organism. [5] Oftentimes scientists will look only at a phageome instead of a virome while conducting research. Variations due to many factors have also been explored such as diet, age, and geography.