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Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) was the first standalone specification for the IP address, and has been in use since 1983. [2] IPv4 addresses are defined as a 32-bit number, which became too small to provide enough addresses as the internet grew, leading to IPv4 address exhaustion over the 2010s.
IPv4 is a connectionless protocol, and operates on a best-effort delivery model, in that it does not guarantee delivery, nor does it assure proper sequencing or avoidance of duplicate delivery. These aspects, including data integrity, are addressed by an upper layer transport protocol, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
A-level Computing/AQA/Computer Components, The Stored Program Concept and the Internet/Structure of the Internet/IP addresses A-level Computing/AQA/Print version/Unit 2 Intellectual Property and the Internet/Print version
The IPv4 internetworking layer automatically fragments a datagram into smaller units for transmission when the link MTU is exceeded. IP provides re-ordering of fragments received out of order. [19] An IPv6 network does not perform fragmentation in network elements, but requires end hosts and higher-layer protocols to avoid exceeding the path ...
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In support of link-local multicasts which do not use IGMP, any IPv4 multicast address that falls within the *.0.0.0 / 24 and *.128.0.0 / 24 ranges will be broadcast to all ports on many Ethernet switches, even if IGMP snooping is enabled, so addresses within these ranges should be avoided on Ethernet networks where the functionality of IGMP ...
As shown in the example below, in order to calculate the directed broadcast address to transmit a packet to an entire IPv4 subnet using the private IP address space 172.16.0.0 / 12, which has the subnet mask 255.240.0.0, the broadcast address is calculated as 172.16.0.0 bitwise ORed with 0.15.255.255 = 172.31.255.255. Directed broadcasts always ...
This is a list of the IP protocol numbers found in the field Protocol of the IPv4 header and the Next Header field of the IPv6 header. It is an identifier for the encapsulated protocol and determines the layout of the data that immediately follows the header. Both fields are eight bits wide.