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  2. Origin of water on Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth

    The origin of water on Earth is the subject of a body of research in the fields of planetary science, astronomy, and astrobiology. Earth is unique among the rocky planets in the Solar System in having oceans of liquid water on its surface. [ 2] Liquid water, which is necessary for all known forms of life, continues to exist on the surface of ...

  3. History of molecular theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_theory

    History of molecular theory. Space-filling model of the H 2 O molecule. In chemistry, the history of molecular theory traces the origins of the concept or idea of the existence of strong chemical bonds between two or more atoms . A modern conceptualization of molecules began to develop in the 19th century along with experimental evidence for ...

  4. Water vapor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor

    The aggregate measurement of this kinetic energy transfer is defined as thermal energy and occurs only when there is differential in the temperature of the water molecules. Liquid water that becomes water vapor takes a parcel of heat with it, in a process called evaporative cooling. [6] The amount of water vapor in the air determines how ...

  5. Water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

    Water and other volatiles probably comprise much of the internal structures of Uranus and Neptune and the water in the deeper layers may be in the form of ionic water in which the molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper still as superionic water in which the oxygen crystallizes, but the hydrogen ions float about ...

  6. Argon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon

    Argon. face-centered cubic (fcc) ( cF4) Argon is a chemical element; it has symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. [ 9] Argon is the third most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv ). It is more than twice as abundant as water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but ...

  7. History of fluid mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_fluid_mechanics

    The history of fluid mechanics is a fundamental strand of the history of physics and engineering. The study of the movement of fluids (liquids and gases) and the forces that act upon them dates back to pre-history. The field has undergone a continuous evolution, driven by human dependence on water, meteorological conditions and internal ...

  8. Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth

    The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans ), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes ), all retained by Earth's gravity.

  9. Cloud physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_physics

    v. t. e. Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, growth and precipitation of atmospheric clouds. These aerosols are found in the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere, which collectively make up the greatest part of the homosphere. Clouds consist of microscopic droplets of liquid water (warm clouds ...