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The jugal bone is located on either side of the skull in the circumorbital region. It is the origin of several masticatory muscles in the skull. [1] The jugal and lacrimal bones are the only two remaining from the ancestral circumorbital series: the prefrontal, postfrontal, postorbital, jugal, and lacrimal bones. [2]
In tetrapods with a quadratojugal bone, it often forms a portion of the jaw joint. Developmentally, the quadratojugal bone is a dermal bone in the temporal series, forming the original braincase. The squamosal and quadratojugal bones together form the cheek region [4] and may provide muscular attachments for facial muscles. [5]
The jugal is covered by a series of fluted grooves which are typically found around the orbits in other thalassophoneans, but Eardasaurus is the only member of the group with the ornamentation present on the jugal bones. The contact between the jugal and squamosal is step-like, with the later forming a process that overlays the jugal bone.
Skull diagram in top down and side-on views. Unlike the vast majority of lizards, the tuatara has a complete lower temporal bar closing the lower temporal fenestra (an opening of the skull behind the eye socket), caused by the fusion of the quadrate/quadratojugal (which are fused into a single element in adult tuatara) and the jugal bones of ...
Bravoceratops is assigned to the Chasmosaurinae.It is an "intermediate" form of chasmosaurine; it, along with genera like Pentaceratops and Anchiceratops, was distinctly more derived ("advanced") than forms like Chasmosaurus but less so than taxa like Triceratops.
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The carpal bones form the wrist or carpus, which connects the forearm (radius and ulna) to the metacarpals of the hand. [26] The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. Basal reptiles show three rows of carpals. In dinosaurs, the carpus is often not fully ossified, and the number and identity of carpal elements remain unclear in many cases.