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Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, [1] rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, ... Conditions conducive of growth are dependent on various environmental factors.
The toxin is the protein botulinum toxin produced under anaerobic conditions (where there is no oxygen) [37] by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. [38] Clostridium botulinum is a large anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus that forms subterminal endospores. [39] There are eight serological varieties of the bacterium denoted by the letters A to H.
Almost all foodborne pathogens are aerobic, that is requiring oxygen to grow. Some pathogens, such as Clostridium botulinum, the source of botulism, are anaerobic. M: Moisture Water is essential for the growth of foodborne pathogens. Water activity (a w) is a measure of the water available for use and is measured on a scale of 0 to 1.0.
Clostridium botulinum can produce botulinum toxin in food or wounds and can cause botulism. This same toxin is known as Botox and is used in cosmetic surgery to paralyze facial muscles to reduce the signs of aging; it also has numerous other therapeutic uses.
Endotoxins most commonly refer to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS) that are in the outer plasma membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The botulinum toxin, which is primarily produced by Clostridium botulinum and less frequently by other Clostridium species, is the most toxic substance known in the world. [1]
However, the genus does contain some human pathogens (outlined below). The toxins produced by certain members of the genus Clostridium are among the most dangerous known. Examples are tetanus toxin (known as tetanospasmin) produced by C. tetani and botulinum toxin produced by C. botulinum.
[5] [6] Two examples of obligate anaerobes are Clostridium botulinum and the bacteria which live near hydrothermal vents on the deep-sea ocean floor. Aerotolerant organisms, which cannot use oxygen for growth, but tolerate its presence. [7] Facultative anaerobes, which can grow without oxygen but use oxygen if it is present. [7]
Eric A. Johnson is a microbiologist and an academic.He is a retired Professor of Bacteriology from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, serving from 1985 to 2020. [1]Johnson, most known for his research on Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins in food and industrial microbiology, has developed physiochemical-based methods for basic and applied research of Clostridium botulinum and ...