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The system was developed partly because access to foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 when the United States denied an Indian request for Global Positioning System (GPS) data for the Kargil region, which would have provided vital information. [22]
name = India Name used in the default map caption; image = India location map.svg The default map image, without "Image:" or "File:" image1 = India relief location map.jpg An alternative map image, usually a relief map, which can be displayed via the relief or AlternativeMap parameters; top = 37.5 Latitude at top edge of map, in decimal degrees ...
The drift angle (shaded red) is due to the wind velocity (W/V, in green). In navigation, the heading of a vessel or aircraft is the compass direction in which the craft's bow or nose is pointed. Note that the heading may not necessarily be the direction that the vehicle actually travels, which is known as its course.
On nautical charts, the top of the chart is always true north, rather than magnetic north, towards which a compass points. Most charts include a compass rose depicting the variation between magnetic and true north. However, the use of the Mercator projection has drawbacks. This projection shows the lines of longitude as parallel.
The basic formula for DR is Distance = Speed x Time. An aircraft flying at 250 knots airspeed for 2 hours has flown 500 nautical miles through the air. The wind triangle is used to calculate the effects of wind on heading and airspeed to obtain a magnetic heading to steer and the speed over the ground (groundspeed).
For a detailed map of all disputed regions in South Asia, see Image:India disputed areas map.svg Internal borders The borders of the state of Meghalaya, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are shown as interpreted from the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971, but has yet to be verified.
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The angular velocity of the Earth is defined to be ω = 72.921 15 × 10 −6 rad/s. [ 11 ] This leads to several computed parameters such as the polar semi-minor axis b which equals a × (1 − f ) = 6 356 752 .3142 m , and the first eccentricity squared, e 2 = 6.694 379 990 14 × 10 −3 .