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The results of the two tests correlate approximately inversely: a text with a comparatively high score on the Reading Ease test should have a lower score on the Grade-Level test. Rudolf Flesch devised the Reading Ease evaluation; somewhat later, he and J. Peter Kincaid developed the Grade Level evaluation for the United States Navy.
Readability is the ease with which a reader can understand a written text.The concept exists in both natural language and programming languages though in different forms. In natural language, the readability of text depends on its content (the complexity of its vocabulary and syntax) and its presentation (such as typographic aspects that affect legibility, like font size, line height ...
Rudolf Flesch. Rudolf Franz Flesch (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986) was an Austrian-born naturalized American author (noted for his book Why Johnny Can't Read ), and also a readability expert and writing consultant who was a vigorous proponent of plain English in the United States. [1] He created the Flesch Reading Ease test and was co-creator ...
The automated readability index ( ARI) is a readability test for English texts, designed to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid grade level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, Fry readability formula, and Coleman–Liau index, it produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text ...
Formula. The formula for calculating the raw score of the Dale–Chall readability score (1948) is given below: If the percentage of difficult words is above 5%, then add 3.6365 to the raw score to get the adjusted score, otherwise the adjusted score is equal to the raw score. Difficult words are all words that are not on the word list, but it ...
The Coleman–Liau index is a readability test designed by Meri Coleman and T. L. Liau to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, and Automated Readability Index, its output approximates the U.S. grade level thought necessary to comprehend the text.
George R. Klare (April 17, 1922 – March 3, 2006) was a World War II veteran and a distinguished professor of psychology and dean at Ohio University. His major contribution was in the field of readability. From the beginning of the 20th century, the assessment of the grade level of texts for different grades of readers was a central concern of ...
The observed Flesch Kincaid readability statistic is 4.5 for the DHP-1 and a Flesch reading ease is 83.0. Completion time is approximately 5–6 minutes. The DHP-18 has demonstrated very good measurement properties including reliability coefficient >0.70 and the ability to discriminate between different treatment and patient groups.