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The philosophy of statistics is the study of the mathematical, conceptual, and philosophical foundations and analyses of statistics and statistical inference. For example, Dennis Lindely argues for the more general analysis of statistics as the study of uncertainty. [1] The subject involves the meaning, justification, utility, use and abuse of ...
Empirical statistical laws. An empirical statistical law or (in popular terminology) a law of statistics represents a type of behaviour that has been found across a number of datasets and, indeed, across a range of types of data sets. [ 1] Many of these observances have been formulated and proved as statistical or probabilistic theorems and the ...
Law of averages. The law of averages is the commonly held belief that a particular outcome or event will, over certain periods of time, occur at a frequency that is similar to its probability. [ 1][ 2] Depending on context or application it can be considered a valid common-sense observation or a misunderstanding of probability.
Many researchers in science, law, and philosophy try to restrict the use of the term "normative" to the evaluative sense and refer to the description of behavior and outcomes as positive, descriptive, predictive, or empirical. [1] [2] Normative has specialized meanings in different academic disciplines such as philosophy, social sciences, and ...
Statistics, when used in a misleading fashion, can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows. That is, a misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others, it is purposeful and for the gain of the perpetrator.
The Heinz dilemma is a frequently used example in many ethics and morality classes. One well-known version of the dilemma, used in Lawrence Kohlberg 's stages of moral development, is stated as follows: [ 1] A woman was on her deathbed. There was one drug that the doctors said would save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same ...
Campbell's law is an adage developed by Donald T. Campbell, a psychologist and social scientist who often wrote about research methodology, which states: . The more any quantitative social indicator is used for social decision-making, the more subject it will be to corruption pressures and the more apt it will be to distort and corrupt the social processes it is intended to monitor.
For the anime film series, see The Laws of the Universe. Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena. [ 1 ] The term law has diverse usage in many cases (approximate, accurate, broad, or narrow) across all fields of natural science ...