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  2. Orbital hybridisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation

    In chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.

  3. Molecular orbital diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram

    The oxygen atomic orbitals are labeled according to their symmetry as a 1 for the 2s orbital and b 1 (2p x), b 2 (2p y) and a 1 (2p z) for the three 2p orbitals. The two hydrogen 1s orbitals are premixed to form a 1 (σ) and b 2 (σ*) MO.

  4. File:Valence orbitals of oxygen atom and dioxygen molecule ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valence_orbitals_of...

    defining z as bond direction with x and y for pi orbitals: 19:39, 24 October 2013: 430 × 648 (58 KB) Snubcube: Avoid use of superscript or subscript. 23:17, 12 October 2013: 430 × 648 (60 KB) Snubcube: User created page with UploadWizard

  5. Molecular orbital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital

    The qualitative approach of MO analysis uses a molecular orbital diagram to visualize bonding interactions in a molecule. In this type of diagram, the molecular orbitals are represented by horizontal lines; the higher a line the higher the energy of the orbital, and degenerate orbitals are placed on the same level with a space between them.

  6. Atomic orbital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital

    The p z orbital is the same as the p 0 orbital, but the p x and p y are formed by taking linear combinations of the p +1 and p −1 orbitals (which is why they are listed under the m = ±1 label). Also, the p +1 and p −1 are not the same shape as the p 0 , since they are pure spherical harmonics .

  7. File:Oxygen molecule orbitals diagram-en.svg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxygen_molecule...

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  8. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    The hybrid can certainly be normalized, as it is the sum of two normalized wavefunctions. Orthogonality must be established so that the two hybrid orbitals can be involved in separate covalent bonds. The inner product of orthogonal orbitals must be zero and computing the inner product of the constructed hybrids gives the following calculation.

  9. Valence bond theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_bond_theory

    Hybridization is a model that describes how atomic orbitals combine to form new orbitals that better match the geometry of molecules. Atomic orbitals that are similar in energy combine to make hybrid orbitals. For example, the carbon in methane (CH 4) undergoes sp 3 hybridization to form four equivalent orbitals, resulting in a tetrahedral shape.