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Systemically induced defences are at least in some cases the result of changes in the transcription rates of genes in a plant. Genes involved in this process may differ between species, [25] but common to all plants is that systemically induced defences occur as a result of changes in gene expression. The changes in transcription can involve ...
Plant defenses can be classified as constitutive or induced. Constitutive defenses are always present, while induced defenses are produced or mobilized to the site where a plant is injured. There is wide variation in the composition and concentration of constitutive defenses; these range from mechanical defenses to digestibility reducers and ...
The entomopathogenic view has gained support from observations of increased fungal growth in response to induced plant defenses [12] and colonization of plant tissues. [13] Examples of host specialists are numerous – especially in temperate environments – with multiple specialist fungi frequently infecting one plant individual simultaneously.
Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is a resistance mechanism in plants that is activated by infection. Its mode of action does not depend on direct killing or inhibition of the invading pathogen , but rather on increasing physical or chemical barrier of the host plant. [ 1 ]
Locally induced defenses aid parasitoids in targeting their foraging behaviors to the exact location of the herbivore on the plant. Systemic defenses are less spatially specific and may serve to confuse the enemy once the source plant is located. A plant might employ both local and systemic responses simultaneously. [1]
Herbivores can avoid plant defenses by eating plants selectively in space and time. For the winter moth, feeding on oak leaves early in the season maximized the amount of protein and nutrients available to the moth, while minimizing the amount of tannins produced by the tree. [16] Herbivores can also spatially avoid plant defenses.
The Chemical Defenses of Higher Plants Gerald A. Rosenthal; Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) Against Pathogens in the Context of Induced Plant Defences Martin Heil; Notes from the Underground Donald R. Strong and Donald A. Phillips; Relationships Among Plants, Insect Herbivores, Pathogens, and Parasitoids Expressed by Secondary Metabolites ...
Hypersensitive response (HR) is a mechanism used by plants to prevent the spread of infection by microbial pathogens.HR is characterized by the rapid death of cells in the local region surrounding an infection and it serves to restrict the growth and spread of pathogens to other parts of the plant.