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An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]
Tramadol, sold under the brand name Ultram among others, [1] is an opioid pain medication and a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat moderately severe pain. [10] [14] When taken by mouth in an immediate-release formulation, the onset of pain relief usually begins within an hour. [10] It is also available by ...
Bradycardia; Hypertension (high blood pressure); Allergic reactions (e.g. dyspnoea (shortness of breath), bronchospasm, wheezing, angioneurotic oedema) Anaphylaxis; Changes in appetite
pentoxyfylline – xanthine derivative used in as an antiinflammatory drug and in the prevention of endotoxemia; pergolide – dopamine receptor agonist used for the treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses; phenobarbital – anti-convulsant used for seizures; phenylbutazone – nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
Tramadol has several enantiomers, and each forms metabolites after processing in the liver. These tramadol variants have varying activities at the μ-opioid receptor, the norepinephrine transporter, and the serotonin transporter, and differing half-lives, with the metabolites having the best activity. Using tramadol as a starting point, the ...
Butorphanol is a narcotic used for pain relief in horses. [15] It is administered either IM or IV, with its analgesic properties beginning to take effect about 15 minutes after injection and lasting 4 hours. [16] It is also commonly paired with sedatives, such as xylazine and detomidine, to make the horse easier to handle during veterinary ...
Oil prices bounced around quite a bit in 2024. They rallied more than 20% at one point -- topping $85 per barrel -- before cooling off toward the end of the year. Oil was recently below $70 a ...
(+)-Desmetramadol is a G-protein biased μ-opioid receptor full agonist. [4] It shows comparatively far lower affinity for the δ-and κ-opioid receptors. [5]The two enantiomers of desmetramadol show quite distinct pharmacological profiles; [6] both (+) and (−)-desmetramadol are inactive as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, [7] but (−)-desmetramadol retains activity as a norepinephrine ...