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t. e. Given two random variables that are defined on the same probability space, [ 1 ] the joint probability distribution is the corresponding probability distribution on all possible pairs of outputs. The joint distribution can just as well be considered for any given number of random variables. The joint distribution encodes the marginal ...
Langlands program. In representation theory and algebraic number theory, the Langlands program is a web of far-reaching and consequential conjectures about connections between number theory and geometry. Proposed by Robert Langlands (1967, 1970), it seeks to relate Galois groups in algebraic number theory to automorphic forms and representation ...
Equations for a falling body. A set of equations describing the trajectories of objects subject to a constant gravitational force under normal Earth -bound conditions. Assuming constant acceleration g due to Earth’s gravity, Newton's law of universal gravitation simplifies to F = mg, where F is the force exerted on a mass m by the Earth’s ...
As the number of discrete events increases, the function begins to resemble a normal distribution. Comparison of probability density functions, () for the sum of fair 6-sided dice to show their convergence to a normal distribution with increasing , in accordance to the central limit theorem. In the bottom-right graph, smoothed profiles of the ...
Ginzburg–Landau theory. In physics, Ginzburg–Landau theory, often called Landau–Ginzburg theory, named after Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau, is a mathematical physical theory used to describe superconductivity. In its initial form, it was postulated as a phenomenological model which could describe type-I superconductors without examining ...
The central quantity of Lagrangian mechanics is the Lagrangian, a function which summarizes the dynamics of the entire system. Overall, the Lagrangian has units of energy, but no single expression for all physical systems. Any function which generates the correct equations of motion, in agreement with physical laws, can be taken as a Lagrangian.
Screw theory. Screw theory is the algebraic calculation of pairs of vectors, such as angular and linear velocity, or forces and moments, that arise in the kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies. [1][2] Screw theory provides a mathematical formulation for the geometry of lines which is central to rigid body dynamics, where lines form the screw ...
The standard model is a quantum field theory, meaning its fundamental objects are quantum fields, which are defined at all points in spacetime. QFT treats particles as excited states (also called quanta) of their underlying quantum fields, which are more fundamental than the particles. These fields are.