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Opioid-induced endocrinopathy. Opioid-induced endocrinopathy (OIE) is a complication of chronic opioid treatment. [1] [2] [3] It is a common name for all hypothalamo-pituitary axis disorders, which can be observed mostly after long term use of opioids, both as a treatment and as a substance of abuse. [1]
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a substance use disorder characterized by cravings for opioids, continued use despite physical and/or psychological deterioration, increased tolerance with use, and withdrawal symptoms after discontinuing opioids. [12] Opioid withdrawal symptoms include nausea, muscle aches, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, agitation ...
Total drug overdose deaths in the United States. There is an ongoing opioid epidemic (also known as the opioid crisis) in the United States, originating out of both medical prescriptions and illegal sources. It has been called "one of the most devastating public health catastrophes of our time". The opioid epidemic unfolded in three waves.
It’s easier than ever for doctors to prescribe a key medicine for opioid addiction since the U.S. government lifted an obstacle last year. Researchers analyzed prescriptions filled by U.S ...
Buprenorphine was patented in 1965, and approved for medical use in the United States in 1981. [18][24] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [25] In addition to prescription as an analgesic it is a common medication used to treat opioid use disorders, such as addiction to heroin. [26]
An opioid overdose is toxicity due to excessive consumption of opioids, such as morphine, codeine, heroin, fentanyl, tramadol, and methadone. [3][5] This preventable pathology can be fatal if it leads to respiratory depression, a lethal condition that can cause hypoxia from slow and shallow breathing. [3] Other symptoms include small pupils ...
Each year 69,000 people worldwide die of opioid overdose, and 15 million people have an opioid addiction. [65] In older adults, opioid use is associated with increased adverse effects such as "sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, urinary retention, and falls". [66] As a result, older adults taking opioids are at greater risk for injury. [67]
Substance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs despite the substantial harm and adverse consequences to one's own self and others, as a result of their use. [7] [8] In perspective, the effects of the wrong use of substances that are capable of causing harm to the user or others, have been extensively described in different studies using a variety of terms such as substance use ...
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