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The human urinary system, also known as the urinary tract or renal system, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites , and regulate blood pH .
As a medical specialty, genitourinary pathology is the subspecialty of surgical pathology which deals with the diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of the urinary tract, male genital tract and testes.
The urethral sphincters are two muscles used to control the exit of urine in the urinary bladder through the urethra. The two muscles are either the male or female external urethral sphincter and the internal urethral sphincter. When either of these muscles contracts, the urethra is sealed shut.
Male and female urinary bladders in lateral cross-section. In humans, the bladder is a hollow muscular organ situated at the base of the pelvis. In gross anatomy, the bladder can be divided into a broad fundus (base), a body, an apex, and a neck. [5]
The urethra (pl.: urethras or urethrae) is the tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus, [1] [2] through which placental mammals urinate and ejaculate. [3] In non-mammalian vertebrates, the urethra also transports semen but is separate from the urinary tract. [4]
When adenocarcinoma occurs, it can cause blood in the urine, blood in the semen, painful urination, urinary retention, or even urinary obstruction. [9] Adenocarcinomata are usually diagnosed after they are excised, based on tissue diagnosis. [9] Some produce the tumour marker Ca-125, which can be used to monitor for reoccurence afterwards. [9]
The male urethra enters the penis at the superior aspect of the anterior part of the bulb (most of the bulb is thus situated inferoposteriorly to the urethra), and the arteries of bulb of penis enter near the urethra. [2] The bulb of penis is homologous to the vestibular bulbs in females. [3]
[citation needed] It is one of three dilations of the male urethra (the other two occurring at the prostate, and the bulb of penis). [1] The wall of the navicular fossa is the only part of the urethra that is lined with stratified squamous epithelium (instead of the transitional epithelium that is typical for the urinary tract). [1]