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The initial treatment aiming at restoring effective blood pressure in patients that have refractory shock typically starts with introducing norepinephrine and dopamine. [24] Vasopressin comes as the second-line agent. [24] However, high-dose therapy is linked to excessive coronary, splanchnic vasoconstriction, and hypercoagulation. [6]
Vasodilation occurs as part of the process of inflammation, which is caused by several factors including presence of a pathogen, injury to tissues or blood vessels, and immune complexes. [7] In severe cases, inflammation can lead to sepsis or distributive shock. [11] Vasodilation is also a major component of anaphylaxis. [12]
Vasospasm refers to a condition in which an arterial spasm leads to vasoconstriction. This can lead to tissue ischemia (insufficient blood flow) and tissue death ( necrosis ). Along with physical resistance, vasospasm is a main cause of ischemia.
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles. The process is the opposite of vasodilation , the widening of blood vessels.
Epinephrine (adrenaline) reacts with both α- and β-adrenoreceptors, causing vasoconstriction and vasodilation, respectively. Although α receptors are less sensitive to epinephrine, when activated at pharmacologic doses, they override the vasodilation mediated by β-adrenoreceptors because there are more peripheral α 1 receptors than β ...
Various vasoactive agents, such as prostanoids, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and endothelin antagonists, are approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The use of vasoactive agents for patients with pulmonary hypertension may cause harm and unnecessary expense to persons with left heart disease or hypoxemic types of lung ...
Such cardiovascular instability is exacerbated by hypoxia, or treatment with endotracheal or endobronchial suction used to prevent pulmonary aspiration. [ 3 ] Neurogenic shock is a potentially devastating complication, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not promptly recognized and treated.
The theory behind contrast bath therapy is that the hot water causes vasodilation of the blood flow in the limb or body followed by the cold water which causes vasoconstriction. [1] The lymph system, unlike the circulatory system, lacks a central pump.