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Permanent mold casting is a metal casting process that employs reusable molds ("permanent molds"), usually made from metal. The most common process uses gravity to fill the mold. However, gas pressure or a vacuum are also used. A variation on the typical gravity casting process, called slush casting, produces hollow castings.
Small-scale molds used for this form of casting have most commonly been made of sand, tufa stone, and cuttlebone [2] as well as charcoal and plaster [3] as these materials are generally easy to shape (unlike iron or steel), do not break down when suddenly exposed to high temperatures (unlike glass, wood, or plastic), do not deform easily ...
Semi-solid metal casting (SSM) is a near net shape variant of die casting. [1] The process is used today with non-ferrous metals, such as aluminium, copper, [2] and magnesium. It can work with higher temperature alloys that lack suitable die materials. The process combines the advantages of casting and forging.
In Mesopotamia, from c. 3500 –2750 BC, the lost-wax technique was used for small-scale, and then later large-scale copper and bronze statues. [4] One of the earliest surviving lost-wax castings is a small lion pendant from Uruk IV. Sumerian metalworkers were practicing lost-wax casting from approximately c. 3500 –3200 BC. [13]
Centrifugal casting, or centrifuging, [1] is used as a means of casting small, detailed parts or jewelry. [2] An articulated arm is free to spin around a vertical axle, which is driven by an electric motor or a spring. The entire mechanism is enclosed in a tub or drum to contain hot metal should the mold break or an excess of metal be used.
Perhaps because of the complexity of casting a metal model, Hubley's range of marques for the kits was not that wide – basically a 1:20 scale range of Ford Model As and 1932 Chevrolets, a 1:22 scale range of Packards, and two 1:18 scale Duesenbergs. The small range was made up for, though, in the number of variations for each car model.
The molten metal spreads along the inside mold wall, where it solidifies after cooling. The casting is usually a fine-grained casting with an especially fine-grained outer diameter, due to the rapid cooling at the surface of the mold. Lighter impurities and inclusions move towards the inside diameter and can be machined away following the casting.
Steel castings are used when iron castings cannot deliver enough strength or shock resistance. [1] Examples of items that are steel castings include: hydroelectric turbine wheels, forging presses, gears, railroad truck frames, valve bodies, pump casings, mining machinery, marine equipment, turbocharger turbines and engine cylinder blocks. [1]
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