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Schematic cross section of a pressurized caisson. In geotechnical engineering, a caisson (/ ˈ k eɪ s ən,-s ɒ n /; borrowed from French caisson 'box', from Italian cassone 'large box', an augmentative of cassa) is a watertight retaining structure [1] used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, [2] or for the repair of ships.
Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and maneuvered into place; examples include precast beams, and wall panels, floors, roofs, and piles.
In drilled pier foundations, the piers can be connected with grade beams on which the structure sits, sometimes with heavy column loads bearing directly on the piers. In some residential construction, the piers are extended above the ground level, and wood beams bearing on the piers are used to support the structure.
[33] [37] Solidia Technologies fires its brick and precast concrete at lower temperatures and cures them with CO 2 gas, claiming to reduce its carbon emissions by 30%. [33] [37] Carbonaide uses carbon dioxide in the curing phase of precast concrete production and has demonstrated up to 40% savings in cement consumption with their first client. [40]
A pile driver is a heavy-duty tool used to drive piles into soil to build piers, bridges, cofferdams, and other "pole" supported structures, and patterns of pilings as part of permanent deep foundations for buildings or other structures. Pilings may be made of wood, solid steel, or tubular steel (often later filled with concrete), and may be ...
A pier is an intermediate support. The cap is the part that supports the bearing pads. Depending on the type of support structure, there may or may not be a cap. Wall piers and stub abutments do not require a cap, while a multi-column, hammerhead, or pile-bent pier will have a cap. The stem or stub is the main body of the foundation. It ...
The new bridge is protected by 36 dolphins: four large dolphins protecting the two main pylons supporting the cable-stayed main span plus 32 smaller dolphins protecting bridge piers for 1 ⁄ 4 mile (400 m) to either side of the main span. [3] The cost of the dolphins was $41 million (equivalent to $94 million in 2023 dollars). [3]
Franki piles can be used as high-capacity deep foundation elements without the necessity of excavation or dewatering. [4] They are useful in conditions where a sufficient bearing soil can only be reached deeper in the ground, [5] [6] and are best suited to granular soil where bearing is primarily achieved from the densification of the soil around the base. [4]
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