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The other standard method of levelling in construction and surveying is called trigonometric levelling, which is preferred when levelling "out" to a number of points from one stationary point. This is done by using a total station , or any other instrument to read the vertical, or zenith angle to the rod, and the change in elevation is ...
It is also known as a surveyor's level, builder's level, dumpy level or the historic "Y" level. It operates on the principle of establishing a visual level relationship between two or more points, for which an inbuilt optical telescope and a highly accurate bubble level are used to achieve the necessary accuracy. Traditionally the instrument ...
In 1914 and 1915, the Forestry Quarterly published a series of articles on the use of the Abney level. [6] [7] [8] These tutorial articles remain useful today, but the primary reference for usage is the 1927 Abney Level Handbook. [3] The Abney level is typically used at the eye height of the surveyor, either hand-held or mounted on a staff at ...
Survey stakes are markers surveyors use in surveying projects to prepare job sites, mark out property boundaries, and provide information about claims on natural resources like timber and minerals. The stakes can be made from wood, metal, plastic, and other materials and typically come in a range of sizes and colors for different purposes.
Total stations are the primary survey instrument used in mining surveying. A total station is used to record the absolute location of the tunnel walls, ceilings (backs), and floors, as the drifts of an underground mine are driven. The recorded data are then downloaded into a CAD program and compared to the designed layout of the tunnel.
An Ordnance Survey cut mark in the UK Occasionally a non-vertical face, and a slightly different mark, was used. The term benchmark, bench mark, or survey benchmark originates from the chiseled horizontal marks that surveyors made in stone structures, into which an angle iron could be placed to form a "bench" for a leveling rod, thus ensuring that a leveling rod could be accurately ...
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A tribrach is an attachment plate used to attach a surveying instrument, for example a theodolite, total station, GNSS antenna or target to a tripod. A tribrach allows the survey instrument to be repeatedly placed in the same position over a surveying marker point with sub- millimetre precision , by loosening and re-tightening a lock to adjust ...