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Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. [3] In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Tammar wallabies are particularly interesting due to the fact that all these hormones, pathways, and the ways in which hormones affect body features and growth of different organs can be studied when the organism is already born, unlike in other mammals such as rats, where sexual differentiation in a fetus occurs inside the placenta before birth.
Reproductive sex organs for both male and female are derived from the same embryonic tissues and are considered homologous tissues or organs. [4] Testosterone. After the testes have differentiated, male sex hormones, called androgens, are secreted from interstitial cells (cells of Leydig).
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a metabolite of testosterone, and a more potent androgen than testosterone in that it binds more strongly to androgen receptors. It is produced in the skin and reproductive tissue. A4 and testosterone can also have an extra hydroxyl (-OH) or keton (=O) group bound on position 11.
English: *Enzymes, their cellular location, substrates and products in human steroidogenesis. Shown also is the major classes of steroid hormones: progestagens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens.
The anterior portion of the pituitary gland produces luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the gonads produce estrogen and testosterone. In oviparous organisms (e.g. fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds), the HPG axis is commonly referred to as the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal-liver axis (HPGL-axis) in females.
The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor [9] that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, [10] in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus.
Testosterone can be taken by a variety of different routes of administration. [2] [3] These include oral, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, transdermal (gels, creams, patches, solutions), vaginal (creams, gels, suppositories), rectal (suppositories), by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection (in oil solutions or aqueous suspensions), and as a subcutaneous implant.