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Plasticizers are chemical compounds enabling the production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers allow reduction in water content by 30% or more. These additives are employed at the level of a few weight percent. Plasticizers and superplasticizers also retard the setting and hardening of concrete. [1]
Water reducers are special chemical products added to a concrete mixture before it is poured. They are from the same family of products as retarders . The first class of water reducers was the lignosulfonates which has been used since the 1930s.
The water industry commonly uses a blended-phosphates formulation to deal with both issues. [7] Phosphates convert any leached ions into a layer of scale that acts to separate the metal piping from the water. [8] Phosphate-type inhibitors may cause eutrophication issues downstream or directly encourage algal growth in uncovered, treated water ...
Water fluoridation reduces cavities in children, while efficacy in adults is less clear. [9] [needs update] [10] A Cochrane review estimates a reduction in cavities when water fluoridation was used by children who had no access to other sources of fluoride to be 35% in baby teeth and 26% in permanent teeth. [9]
The differences between additives for fracking in different countries are the type of chemicals used (hazardous, non-hazardous), the disclosure of chemicals and the composition of fracturing fluid. In 2010, Halliburton announced the creation of food additive based hydraulic fracturing fluid in response to calls for transparency and demand for a ...
It is a white, granular or crystalline solid, highly soluble in water, producing an alkaline solution. TSP is used as a cleaning agent, builder, lubricant, food additive, stain remover, and degreaser. [7] As an item of commerce TSP is often partially hydrated and may range from anhydrous Na 3 PO 4 to the dodecahydrate Na 3 PO 4 ·12H 2 O. Most ...
MTBE spreads more easily underground than other gasoline components due to its higher solubility in water. [1] Cost estimates for removing MTBE from groundwater and contaminated soil range from $1 billion [ 2 ] to $30 billion, [ 3 ] including removing the compound from aquifers and municipal water supplies, and replacing leaky underground oil ...
Emulsifiers allow water and oils to remain mixed together in an emulsion, as in mayonnaise, ice cream, and homogenized milk. Flavors Flavors are additives that give food a particular taste or smell, and may be derived from natural ingredients or created artificially. Flavor enhancers Flavor enhancers enhance a food's existing flavors.
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