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In automotive design, an R4, or rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout places the engine at the rear of the vehicle, and drives all four roadwheels. This layout is typically chosen to improve the traction or the handling of existing vehicle designs using the rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout (RR).
For example, provide manufacturers the chassis configuration 8×4×4 to show that the vehicle has two steered front axles and two driven rear axles, compared to the chassis configuration 8×4/4 where the vehicle has one steered front axle, one steered rear axle (the fore axle) and two driven rear axles (the aft axles).
In automotive design, an F4, or front-engine, four-wheel drive (4WD) layout places the internal combustion engine at the front of the vehicle and drives all four roadwheels. This layout is typically chosen for better control on many surfaces, and is an important part of rally racing, as well as off-road driving.
As with the front-drive P2 platform, a Haldex all-wheel drive (shared with the S80/XC90) was optional. As the first front-wheel drive full-size car platform used by Ford, the D3 platform is also the first full-size Ford car produced with fully independent suspension, with a multi-link rear axle , coilover shocks and MacPherson front struts . [ 2 ]
The Jeep Wrangler (pictured is a TJ Wrangler) is a 4WD vehicle with a transfer case to select low-range or high-range four-wheel drive.. A four-wheel drive, also called 4×4 ("four by four") or 4WD, is a two-axled vehicle drivetrain capable of providing torque to all of its wheels simultaneously.
Particularly in North America for several decades, the designation AWD has been used and marketed – distinctly from 4×4 and 4WD – to apply to vehicles with drive train systems that have permanent drive, a differential between the front and rear drive shafts, and active management of torque transfer, especially following the advent of the anti-lock braking system (ABS).
The centre differential contained within many 4 wheel drive cars is similar to the conventional differential in a 2-wheel drive car. It allows torque to be distributed to both drive axles whilst allowing them to spin at different speeds, which vastly improves the cornering of a 4-wheel drive car on surfaces with high grip such as tarmac.
The first Cadillac-exclusive platform since the D-body chassis, Sigma debuted in early 2002 for the 2003 model year underpinning the Cadillac CTS, replacing the Cadillac Catera. Slightly larger than its V-body predecessor, the rear-wheel drive Sigma architecture was developed to accommodate all-wheel drive and extended-wheelbase variants.