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Inflation for example, although impacting all securities, [113] can be managed [114] [115] at the portfolio level by appropriately [116] increasing exposure to inflation-sensitive stocks (e.g. consumer staples), and / or by investing in tangible assets, commodities and inflation-linked bonds; the latter may also provide a direct hedge. [117]
To still get a return on their money, investors instead have to buy up other assets such as stocks and real estate, thereby bidding up the price and creating asset price inflation. When people talk about inflation , they usually refer to ordinary goods and services , which is tracked by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
The Fisher equation can be used in the analysis of bonds.The real return on a bond is roughly equivalent to the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate. But if actual inflation exceeds expected inflation during the life of the bond, the bondholder's real return will suffer.
As the International Monetary Fund explains, long-lasting inflation results from an imbalance between the money supply and the size of the economy. An overabundance of money reduces its purchasing ...
The nominal interest rate is the accounting interest rate – the percentage by which the amount of dollars (or other currency) owed by a borrower to a lender grows over time, while the real interest rate is the percentage by which the real purchasing power of the loan grows over time. In other words, the real interest rate is the nominal ...
Even if you manage to score a 1.5% APY with a no-fee online savings account, your money is still losing purchasing power to the tune of about 7% per year with inflation at current levels.
Even so, the prospect of slightly higher inflation makes it harder for the Fed to reduce borrowing costs because high interest rates are its principal weapon against inflation.
How, then, is the height of the interest rate determined. The answer is that the rate of interest is simply the price of credit, and that it is therefore governed by the supply of and demand for credit. The banking system – through its ability to give credit – can influence, and to some extent does affect, the interest level."