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The proto-cuneiform script was a system of proto-writing that emerged in Mesopotamia, eventually developing into the early cuneiform script used in the region's Early Dynastic I period. It arose from the token-based system that had already been in use across the region in preceding millennia.
The cuneiform script was developed from pictographic proto-writing in the late 4th millennium BC, stemming from the near eastern token system used for accounting. The meaning and usage of these tokens is still a matter of debate. [ 25 ]
Previously, researchers thought that plain tokens contributed to the system for numerals used in proto-cuneiform signs, while complex tokens bearing incisions and other markings were the basis for ...
The Kish tablet (c. 3500 BC) reflects the stage of proto-cuneiform, when what would become the cuneiform script of Sumer was still in the proto-writing stage. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, this symbol system had evolved into a method of keeping accounts, using a round-shaped stylus impressed into soft clay at different angles for ...
Tablet with proto-cuneiform pictographic characters (end of 4th millennium BC), Uruk III. Clay envelope with its accounting tokens, Late Uruk period, from Susa, Louvre . The Uruk period, particularly in its late phase, is characterized by the explosion of "symbolic technology": signs, images, symbolic designs and abstract numbers are used in ...
Before wedge-shaped cuneiform characters appeared on clay tablets around 3400 BC, there was proto-cuneiform, or an archaic script that relied on abstract pictographs, hundreds of which remain ...
proto-Ea, the designation for two different texts, a syllabary and a vocabulary, a format with, and one without glosses, expounding polyvalency (Old-Babylonian) [6]: 620 proto-Diri, complex signs (Old-Babylonian) proto-Izi, a more advanced lexical exercise, an acrographic list (Old-Babylonian)
Schmandt-Besserat has worked on the origin of writing and counting, [4] and the nature of information management systems in oral societies.. Her first published works on clay tokens were the monograph, "Archaic Recoding System and the Origin of Writing," published by Syro-Mesopotamian Studies in 1977 [5] and The Earliest Precursor of Writing in a 1978 issue of Scientific American magazine.