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The present tense can replace not only the perfect tense, but also sometimes the imperfect tense: [40] tōtīs trepidātur castrīs (Caesar) [41] 'in the whole camp there is panic' (i.e. people were panicking) After dum 'while', in a past context, the present indicative regularly has the meaning of an imperfect tense: [42]
Modal meanings of 'present indicative' verbs Meaning Form name Latin example English translation present possibility 'present indicative' tū fortasse vērum dīcis (Cicero) [94] perhaps you are telling the truth present frequency 'present indicative' haec egō patior cōtidie (Cicero) [95] I suffer these things every day atemporal fact [96]
-re was the regular form in early Latin and (except in the present indicative) in Cicero; -ris was preferred later. [6] In early Latin , the 3rd singular endings -at and -et were pronounced -āt and -ēt with a long vowel. [6] Other forms: Infinitive: amāre "to love" Passive infinitive: amārī "to be loved" (in early Latin often amārier) [6]
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e.g. dūc- ) and three on the perfect stem (e.g. dūx- ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative.
A present open conditional normally has the indicative in both halves. Various tenses are possible, but the present or perfect are common: si iam melius valēs , vehementer gaudeō (Cicero) [ 44 ]
In some contexts, the '"habeō" perfect periphrasis with present indicative auxiliary' is often interchangeable with 'perfect indicative' verbs. In later Latin the compound past with habeō became progressively more common, though still less common than the simple past with a 'perfect indicative' verb.
Latin word order is relatively free. The verb may be found at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence; an adjective may precede or follow its noun (vir bonus or bonus vir both mean 'a good man'); [5] and a genitive may precede or follow its noun ('the enemies' camp' can be both hostium castra and castra hostium; the latter is more common). [6]
The present indicative of most verbs in modern English has the same form as the infinitive, except for the third-person singular form, which takes the ending -[e]s.The verb be has the forms am, is, are.