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The accommodation reflex (or accommodation-convergence reflex) is a reflex action of the eye, in response to focusing on a near object, then looking at a distant object (and vice versa), comprising coordinated changes in vergence, lens shape ( accommodation) and pupil size. It is dependent on cranial nerve II ( afferent limb of reflex ...
Convergence insufficiency. Convergence Insufficiency. Other names. Convergence disorder. Specialty. Ophthalmology, optometry. Convergence insufficiency is a sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system, characterized by a reduced ability of the eyes to turn towards each other, or sustain convergence .
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing ( EMDR) is a form of psychotherapy that is a recommended treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder, but remains controversial within the psychological community. [ 1][ 2] It was devised by Francine Shapiro in 1987 and originally designed to alleviate ...
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom [3]) and formerly mental retardation (in the United States [4]), [5] [6] is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning that is first apparent during childhood.
Strabismus is a vision disorder in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. [2] The eye that is pointed at an object can alternate. [3] The condition may be present occasionally or constantly. [3] If present during a large part of childhood, it may result in amblyopia, or lazy eyes, and loss of depth ...
Dissociative identity disorder [1] [2]; Other names: Multiple personality disorder Split personality disorder: Specialty: Psychiatry, clinical psychology: Symptoms: At least two distinct and relatively enduring personality states, [3] recurrent episodes of dissociative amnesia, [3] inexplicable intrusions into consciousness (e.g., voices, intrusive thoughts, impulses, trauma-related beliefs ...
The neurodiversity paradigm argues that diversity in human cognition is normal and that some conditions generally classified as disorders, such as autism, are differences and disabilities that are not necessarily pathological. The neurodiversity movement started in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the start of Autism Network International.
Autism, also called autism spectrum disorder [a] (ASD) or autism spectrum condition (ASC), [10] is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of deficient reciprocal social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive, and inflexible patterns of behavior that are impairing in multiple contexts and excessive or atypical to be developmentally and socioculturally ...