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Zero-knowledge proof. In cryptography, a zero-knowledge proof or zero-knowledge protocol is a method by which one party (the prover) can prove to another party (the verifier) that some given statement is true, while avoiding conveying to the verifier any information beyond the mere fact of that statement's truth. [ 1]
In computational complexity theory, Karp's 21 NP-complete problems are a set of computational problems which are NP-complete.In his 1972 paper, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", [1] Richard Karp used Stephen Cook's 1971 theorem that the boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete [2] (also called the Cook-Levin theorem) to show that there is a polynomial time many-one reduction ...
The P versus NP problem is a major unsolved problem in theoretical computer science. Informally, it asks whether every problem whose solution can be quickly verified can also be quickly solved. Here, quickly means an algorithm that solves the task and runs in polynomial time exists, meaning the task completion time varies as a polynomial ...
The problem for graphs is NP-complete if the edge lengths are assumed integers. The problem for points on the plane is NP-complete with the discretized Euclidean metric and rectilinear metric. The problem is known to be NP-hard with the (non-discretized) Euclidean metric. [ 3]: ND22, ND23. Vehicle routing problem.
The concept of NP-completeness was introduced in 1971 (see CookâLevin theorem ), though the term NP-complete was introduced later. At the 1971 STOC conference, there was a fierce debate between the computer scientists about whether NP-complete problems could be solved in polynomial time on a deterministic Turing machine.
ChatGPT is a chatbot and virtual assistant developed by OpenAI and launched on November 30, 2022. Based on large language models (LLMs), it enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language. Successive user prompts and replies are considered at each conversation stage as context.
A PDF file is often a combination of vector graphics, text, and bitmap graphics. The basic types of content in a PDF are: Typeset text stored as content streams (i.e., not encoded in plain text ); Vector graphics for illustrations and designs that consist of shapes and lines;
Electronic authentication is the process of establishing confidence in user identities electronically presented to an information system. [1] Digital authentication, or e-authentication, may be used synonymously when referring to the authentication process that confirms or certifies a person's identity and works.