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The 90-degree complement to the angle of incidence is called the grazing angle or glancing angle. Incidence at small grazing angles is called "grazing incidence." [citation needed] Grazing incidence diffraction is used in X-ray spectroscopy and atom optics, where significant reflection can be achieved only at small values of the grazing angle.
Roof pitch is the steepness of a roof expressed as a ratio of inch(es) rise per horizontal foot (or their metric equivalent), or as the angle in degrees its surface deviates from the horizontal. A flat roof has a pitch of zero in either instance; all other roofs are pitched .
Satari: A Swedish variant on the monitor roof; a double hip roof with a short vertical wall usually with small windows, popular from the 17th century on formal buildings. [citation needed] (Säteritak in Swedish.) Mansard (French roof): A roof with the pitch divided into a shallow slope above a steeper slope. The steep slope may be curved.
The angle of incidence, α, is close to the critical angle for the sample. The beam is diffracted in the plane of the surface of the sample by the angle 2θ, and often also out of the plane. Grazing incidence diffraction ( GID ) is a technique for interrogating a material using small incidence angles for an incoming wave, often leading to the ...
The angle θ = ε + 90° is used for a mathematical description in a spherical coordinate system. For the approximation of a flat earth – which is usual for airborne radar with short to medium range – the grazing angle and the depression angle can be assumed to be equal γ = ε and the incident angle is β = 180° – θ.
A slate roof may last 75 to 150 years, and even longer. However, slate roofs are often expensive to install – in the US, for example, a slate roof may have the same cost as the rest of the house. Often, the first part of a slate roof to fail is the fixing nails; they corrode, allowing the slates to slip.
When the winter sun is low on the horizon, most solar radiation reflects off of roof angled glass ( the angle of incidence is nearly parallel to roof-angled glass morning and afternoon ). When the summer sun is high, it is nearly perpendicular to roof-angled glass, which maximizes solar gain at the wrong time of year, and acts like a solar furnace.
Gambrel roof A cross-sectional diagram of a mansard roof, which is a hipped gambrel roof. A gambrel or gambrel roof is a usually symmetrical two-sided roof with two slopes on each side. The upper slope is positioned at a shallow angle, while the lower slope is steep.