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Spironolactone can cause hyperkalemia, or high blood potassium levels. [111] Rarely, this can be fatal. [111] Of people with heart disease prescribed typical dosages of spironolactone, 10 to 15% develop some degree of hyperkalemia, and 6% develop severe hyperkalemia. [111] At a higher dosage, a rate of hyperkalemia of 24% has been observed. [119]
[12] [13] Due to its activity as an androgen receptor antagonist and progesterone receptor agonist, spironolactone causes adverse effects, including gynecomastia or decreased libido in males and menstrual abnormalities in females. [14] Spironolactone also causes hyperkalemia [15] and renal insufficiency. [16]
Hyperkalemia is an elevated level of potassium (K +) in the blood. [6] [1] Normal potassium levels are between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L (3.5 and 5.0 mEq/L) with levels above 5.5 mmol/L defined as hyperkalemia. [3] [4] Typically hyperkalemia does not cause symptoms. [1] Occasionally when severe it can cause palpitations, muscle pain, muscle weakness ...
Children with Liddle syndrome are frequently asymptomatic. The first indication of the syndrome often is the incidental finding of hypertension during a routine physical exam. Because this syndrome is rare, it may only be considered by the treating physician after the child's hypertension does not respond to medications for lowering blood pressure.
The thiazides cause a net decrease in calcium lost in urine. [7] The potassium-sparing diuretics cause a net increase in calcium lost in urine, but the increase is much smaller than the increase associated with other diuretic classes. [7] By contrast, loop diuretics promote a significant increase in calcium excretion. [8]
The trial was stopped early because the beneficial effect of spironolactone on all-cause death exceeded the prespecified discontinuation requirements. Spironolactone reduced the risk of death by 30% compared to placebo. Additionally, there was a 35% reduction in the risk of hospitalization for worsening heart failure in the spironolactone group.
Common causes in pediatric patients may be diarrheal illness, frequent feedings with dilute formula, water intoxication via excessive consumption, and enemas. [3] Pseudohyponatremia is a false low sodium reading that can be caused by high levels of fats or proteins in the blood.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11β-hydroxylase deficiency is a form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) which produces a higher than normal amount of androgen, [1] resulting from a defect in the gene encoding the enzyme steroid 11β-hydroxylase (11β-OH) which mediates the final step of cortisol synthesis in the adrenal. 11β-OH CAH results in hypertension due to excessive ...