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Grotto-heavens are usually caves, grottoes, mountain hollows, or other underground spaces. In the Tang dynasty , immortals were thought to have lived in certain immortal cave-heaven lands that existed between heaven and earth, shrouded by colorful clouds; wonderful flowers, peach trees and fragrant grass were often said to have grown there.
Shizhuanshan (Shizhuan Mountain) carvings are dated from the early 12th century, uniquely integrating rock-hewn sculptures and carvings depicting Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism together. The most prominent of the grotto sculptures are thought to have been sculpted by Wen Wijian, a famous sculptor of the time.
Diyu (traditional Chinese: 地獄; simplified Chinese: 地狱; pinyin: dìyù; lit. 'earth prison') is the realm of the dead or "hell" in Chinese mythology.It is loosely based on a combination of the Buddhist concept of Naraka, traditional Chinese beliefs about the afterlife, and a variety of popular expansions and reinterpretations of these two traditions.
Taoism perceives the Tao as a natural order underlying the substance and activity of the Universe. Language and the "naming" of the Tao is regarded negatively in Taoism; the Tao fundamentally exists and operates outside the realm of differentiation and linguistic constraints. [20] There is no single orthodox Taoist view of the Tao.
There are more Taoist temples in nearby Shangqing (上清), one of which is mentioned in the beginning of the famous Chinese traditional novel, Outlaws of the Marsh (水滸傳). Mount Longhu also has cultural significance as a historical burial site of the Guyue people , who placed the deceased in hanging coffins on the mountain's cliff faces.
Located in the Wangwushan-Yuntaishan National Park, Mount Wangwu is a famous Taoist site that includes the “Celestial Grotto of the Small Pristine Void” (小有清虚洞天), one of the Ten Grotto-heavens of Taoism. [2]
Grotto-heavens were traditionally associated with mountains, as hollows or caves located in/on certain mountains. The term "Kunlun Mountain" can be translated as "Cavernous Mountain", and the mythological Kunlun Mountain has been viewed as a hollow mountain (located directly under the pole star ).
This grotto is concerned mainly with rituals and is the middle phase of initiation for a Taoist master. Spirit Grotto (Dongshen) 洞神部: Texts of Three Sovereigns (Sanhuang) tradition This grotto is concerned mainly with exorcisms and is the lowest phase of initiation for a Taoist master.