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Antepartum bleeding, also known as antepartum haemorrhage (APH) or prepartum hemorrhage, is genital bleeding during pregnancy after the 24th week of pregnancy up to delivery. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It can be associated with reduced fetal birth weight. [ 3 ]
Obstetrical bleeding is bleeding in pregnancy that occurs before, during, or after childbirth. [4] Bleeding before childbirth is that which occurs after 24 weeks of pregnancy. [4] Bleeding may be vaginal or less commonly into the abdominal cavity. Bleeding which occurs before 24 weeks is known as early pregnancy bleeding.
The alkali denaturation test, also known as A or Apt test, is a medical test used to differentiate fetal or neonatal blood from maternal blood found in a newborn's stool or vomit, or from maternal vaginal blood.
Kleihauer test, showing foetal red blood cells in rose-pink color, while adult red blood cells are only seen as "ghosts". The Kleihauer–Betke test is a blood test used to measure the amount of foetal hemoglobin transferred from a foetus to its mother's bloodstream. [4] It takes advantage of the differential resistance of foetal hemoglobin to ...
Bleeding in excess of this norm in a nonpregnant woman constitutes gynecologic hemorrhage. In addition, early pregnancy bleeding has sometimes been included as gynecologic hemorrhage, namely bleeding from a miscarriage or an ectopic pregnancy, while it actually represents obstetrical bleeding. However, from a practical view, early pregnancy ...
[20] [21] The mother may also experience vaginal bleeding, particularly in the third trimester. [11] Women with velamentous cord insertion may not experience any symptoms throughout pregnancy. [ 16 ] During delivery, there may be slow or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns [ 3 ] [ 10 ] [ 19 ] and there may be excessive bleeding or hemorrhage ...
It is the most common cause of early pregnancy bleeding and is associated only with heavy (versus light) bleeding. [8] However, patients typically remain hemodynamically stable. Threatened early pregnancy loss, often considered a type of early pregnancy loss, refers vaginal bleeding in the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy and a closed cervix.
Immunologic pregnancy tests were introduced in 1960 when Wide and Gemzell presented a test based on in-vitro hemagglutination inhibition. This was a first step away from in-vivo pregnancy testing [ 40 ] [ 41 ] and initiated a series of improvements in pregnancy testing leading to the contemporary at-home testing. [ 41 ]