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The distance between the axis of the crankpins and the axis of the crankshaft determines the stroke length of the engine. [1] Most modern car engines are classified as "over square" or short-stroke, [citation needed] wherein the stroke is less than the diameter of the cylinder bore. A common way to increase the low-RPM torque of an engine is to ...
A Rzeppa-type CV joint. A constant-velocity joint (also called a CV joint and homokinetic joint) is a mechanical coupling which allows the shafts to rotate freely (without an appreciable increase in friction or backlash) and compensates for the angle between the two shafts, within a certain range, to maintain the same velocity.
Then, using the triangle law of sines, it is found that the rod-vertical angle is 18.60639° and the crank-rod angle is 88.21832°. Clearly, in this example, the angle between the crank and the rod is not a right angle. Summing the angles of the triangle 88.21832° + 18.60639° + 73.17530° gives 180.00000°.
This engine was the first to locate one balance shaft higher than the other, to counteract the second order rolling couple (i.e. about the crankshaft axis) due to the torque exerted by the inertia caused by increases and decreases in engine speed. [6] [7] In a flat-four engine, the forces are cancelled out by the pistons moving in opposite ...
Engine balance refers to how the inertial forces produced by moving parts in an internal combustion engine or steam engine are neutralised with counterweights and balance shafts, to prevent unpleasant and potentially damaging vibration. The strongest inertial forces occur at crankshaft speed (first-order forces) and balance is mandatory, while ...
This difference becomes significant in high-speed engines, which may need balance shafts to reduce the vibration due to this "secondary imbalance". The mechanical advantage of a crank, the ratio between the force on the connecting rod and the torque on the shaft, varies throughout the crank's cycle. The relationship between the two is ...
A double Cardan joint consists of two universal joints mounted back to back with a centre yoke; the centre yoke replaces the intermediate shaft. Provided that the angle between the input shaft and centre yoke is equal to the angle between the centre yoke and the output shaft, the second Cardan joint will cancel the velocity errors introduced by ...
In mechanical engineering, backlash, sometimes called lash, play, or slop, is a clearance or lost motion in a mechanism caused by gaps between the parts. It can be defined as "the maximum distance or angle through which any part of a mechanical system may be moved in one direction without applying appreciable force or motion to the next part in mechanical sequence."