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The term echolocation was coined by 1944 by the American zoologist Donald Griffin, who, with Robert Galambos, first demonstrated the phenomenon in bats. [1] [2] As Griffin described in his book, [3] the 18th century Italian scientist Lazzaro Spallanzani had, by means of a series of elaborate experiments, concluded that when bats fly at night, they rely on some sense besides vision, but he did ...
The body mass of this species can range from 45 to 73 g (1.6 to 2.6 oz). [8] A defining characteristic is its large ears that range between 1.4 to 1.85 in (3.6 to 4.7 cm) and extend over the bat's snout. It also has large forearms with a length of 2.9 to 3.3 in (7.4 to 8.4 cm). [8]
Onychonycteris finneyi was the strongest evidence so far in the debate on whether bats developed echolocation before or after they evolved the ability to fly. O. finneyi had well-developed wings, and could clearly fly, but lacked the enlarged cochlea of all extant echolocating bats, closely resembling the old world fruit bats which do not echolocate. [1]
Horseshoe bats are considered small or medium-sized microbats, weighing 4–28 g (0.14–0.99 oz), with forearm lengths of 30–75 mm (1.2–3.0 in) and combined lengths of head and body of 35–110 mm (1.4–4.3 in). The fur, long and smooth in most species, can be reddish-brown, blackish, or bright orange-red.
The large flying fox is among the largest species of bat. [4] It weighs 0.65–1.1 kg (1.4–2.4 lb) and has a wingspan of up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). [8] [9] Its head-body length is 27–32 cm (11–13 in). [10] Its forearm length is 180–220 mm (7.1–8.7 in). [4] As is common with most megabats, it has a fox-like face.
The white-striped free-tailed bat can reach speeds of up to 17 m/s. [10] The large, forward pointed ears are 20 to 25 mm in length and assist in their aerodynamic lift. [10] The ears are exceptionally broad and noticeably ribbed. [6] A short hairless tragus is present and also points forward.
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The virus can pass from a bat host to a human (who has usually spent a prolonged period in a mine or cave where Egyptian fruit bats live); from there, it can spread person-to-person through contact with infected bodily fluids, including blood and semen. [129]
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