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The Chinese military was an important customer for German arms manufacturers and heavy industry. Chinese exports to Germany, including deliveries of tin and tungsten, were also seen as vital. [18] At its height, Germany accounted for 17% of China's foreign trade and China was the largest trade partner for German businesses in Asia. [19] [20]
Kirby, William C. Germany and Republican China (Stanford UP, 1984). Kundnani, Hans, and Jonas Parello-Plesner. "China and Germany: why the emerging special relationship matters for Europe." European Council on Foreign Relations (2012) online. Lach, Donald F. “Leibniz and China.” Journal of the History of Ideas 6#4 (1945), pp. 436–455. online
The Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424). During his reign, Admiral Zheng He led a gigantic maritime tributary fleet abroad on the seven treasure voyages.. In premodern times, the theory of foreign relations of China held that the Chinese Empire was the Celestial Dynasty, the center of world civilization, with the Emperor of China being the leader of the civilized world.
Persian ambassador at the Chinese court of Emperor Yuan of Liang in his capital Jingzhou in 526-539 CE, with explanatory text. Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang , 11th century Song copy. The Parthian Iranian An Shigao introduced Hinayana Buddhism to China, while the Kushan Lokaksema introduced Mahayana Buddhism.
Educated Ottoman Turks spoke Arabic and Persian, as these were the main foreign languages in the pre-Tanzimat era, with the former being used for science and the latter for literary affairs. [25] The spread of the Persian language through Rumi shrines made it the dialect of the Sufism. The Ottomans promoted and supported the Persian language.
Former Wilhelm Street. Pelldram's drafted plans for the German concession included a small section under the British concession, present-day Xiaobailou Subdistrict. [2] The US consul in Tianjin at the time, Charles Denby Jr., protested, claiming that the district was under American jurisdiction, granted to the US for its role as mediator during the Convention of Peking in 1860.
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The "Book of Precious Presents or the Medicine of the Chinese People" (Tansuq-name ya tebb-e ahl-e Kheta) was translated by people working under RAshid-al-Din Fazl-Allah to Persian from Chinese and it was about Chinese medicine. [18] Rashid al-Din wrote about Chinese culture and history. [19] [20] Oljeitu's birth was witnessed by Rashid al-Din ...