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For functions in certain classes, the problem of determining: whether two functions are equal, known as the zero-equivalence problem (see Richardson's theorem); [5] the zeroes of a function; whether the indefinite integral of a function is also in the class. [6] Of course, some subclasses of these problems are decidable.
In mathematical logic, Tarski's high school algebra problem was a question posed by Alfred Tarski. It asks whether there are identities involving addition , multiplication , and exponentiation over the positive integers that cannot be proved using eleven axioms about these operations that are taught in high-school-level mathematics .
[4]: 23–24 The pair held practice sessions, in which the problems were put to university students and worked through as a class (with some of the representative problems solved by the teacher, and the harder problems set as homework). They went through portions of the book at a rate of about one chapter a semester.
The problem then becomes a linear equation with just one variable, that can be solved as described above. To solve a linear equation with two variables (unknowns), requires two related equations. For example, if it was also revealed that: Problem in words In 10 years, the father will be twice as old as his son. Equivalent equation
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
Lagrange, for example, had shown that any natural number can be expressed as the sum of four squares. Gauss proved this using his theory of equivalence relations [ 2 ] by showing that the quadratic w 2 + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 {\displaystyle w^{2}+x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}} represents all natural numbers.
For example, + is an algebraic expression. Since taking the square root is the same as raising to the power 1 / 2 , the following is also an algebraic expression: 1 − x 2 1 + x 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {1-x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}}}}
R vs. RE problem, where R is analog of class P, and RE is analog class NP. These classes are not equal, because undecidable but verifiable problems do exist, for example, Hilbert's tenth problem which is RE-complete. [57] A similar problem exists in the theory of algebraic complexity: VP vs. VNP problem. This problem has not been solved yet ...
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