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The signs are reversed for the back surface of the lens: R 2 is positive if the surface is concave, and negative if it is convex. This is an arbitrary sign convention; some authors choose different signs for the radii, which changes the equation for the focal length. For a thin lens, d is much smaller than one of the radii of curvature (either ...
Thin lens equation f ... List of equations in nuclear and particle physics; List of equations in quantum mechanics ... ISBN 978-0-521-57507-2. A. Halpern (1988). 3000 ...
Distances in the thin lens equation. For a lens of negligible thickness, and focal length f, the distances from the lens to an object, S 1, and from the lens to its image, S 2, are related by the thin lens formula: + =.
This comes from the principle of reversibility which states light rays will travel along the originating path if the light's direction is reversed. [2] Depending on how an optical system is designed, there can be multiple planes that are conjugate to a specific plane (e.g. intermediate and final image planes for an object plane).
For the purposes of ray tracing, this is equivalent to a series of identical thin lenses of focal length f = R/2, each separated from the next by length d. This construction is known as a lens equivalent duct or lens equivalent waveguide.
Uses an equiconvex crown glass lens (i.e. R 1 > 0 with −R 1 = R 2) and a complementary-curved second flint glass lens (with R 3 = R 2). The back of the flint glass lens is flat ( R 4 = ∞). A Littrow doublet can produce a ghost image between R 2 and R 3 because the lens surfaces of the two lenses have the same radii.
In most cases, two thin lenses are combined, one of which has just so strong a positive aberration (under-correction, vide supra) as the other a negative; the first must be a positive lens and the second a negative lens; the powers, however: may differ, so that the desired effect of the lens is maintained. It is generally an advantage to secure ...
In weak lensing by large-scale structure, the thin-lens approximation may break down, and low-density extended structures may not be well approximated by multiple thin-lens planes. In this case, the deflection can be derived by instead assuming that the gravitational potential is slowly varying everywhere (for this reason, this approximation is ...