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The Midnight Judges Act (also known as the Judiciary Act of 1801; 2 Stat. 89, and officially An act to provide for the more convenient organization of the Courts of the United States) expanded the federal judiciary of the United States. [1] The act was supported by the John Adams administration and the Federalist Party. [1]
The Marshall Court began in 1801, when President John Adams appointed Secretary of State John Marshall to replace the retiring Oliver Ellsworth.Marshall was nominated after former Chief Justice John Jay refused the position; many in Adams's party advocated the elevation of Associate Justice William Paterson, but Adams refused to nominate someone close to his intra-party rival, Alexander Hamilton.
Certificates of division could only be issued in criminal cases heard by a two-judge panel consisting of a United States district court judge and a Supreme Court justice riding circuit (the district judge or the circuit rider could also hear cases alone).
5 U.S. 1 (1801) Marine salvage rights in time of war Marbury v. Madison: 5 U.S. 137 (1803) judicial review of laws enacted by the United States Congress: Stuart v. Laird: 5 U.S. 299 (1803) enforceability of rulings issued by judges who have since been removed from office Murray v. The Charming Betsey: 6 U.S. 64 (1804)
Fourteen of the sixteen circuit court judges appointed by Adams were to positions created at the end of his tenure in office, in the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, which became known as the Midnight Judges Act. All of these offices were abolished by the repeal of this Act on July 1, 1802, by 2 Stat. 132.
One of the most significant events during the history of the Court was the tenure of Chief Justice John Marshall (1801 to 1835). In the landmark case Marbury v. Madison (1803), Marshall held that the Supreme Court could overturn a law passed by Congress if it violated the Constitution, legally cementing the power of judicial review .
The Judiciary Act of 1789. Under the Articles of Confederation, there were no general federal courts or crimes. [1] [2] Although the Articles authorized a federal court to punish "piracies and felonies committed on the high seas," [3] and the Congress of the Confederation in 1775 created the Court of Appeals in Prize Cases, [2] [4] Congress soon devolved this power to the states. [1]
An Act to continue an act intituled “An act declaring the assent of Congress to certain acts of the States of Maryland, Georgia, and Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,” so far as the same respects the States of Georgia and Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Sess. 3, ch. 3 1 Stat. 189 (chapter 3) 4: Feb. 4, 1791