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  2. Logical reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning

    An argument is correct or incorrect depending on whether the premises offer support for the conclusion. This is often understood in terms of probability: if the premises of a correct argument are true, it raises the probability that its conclusion is also true. Forms of logical reasoning can be distinguished based on how the premises support ...

  3. Begging the question - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging_the_question

    Historically, begging the question refers to a fault in a dialectical argument in which the speaker assumes some premise that has not been demonstrated to be true. In modern usage, it has come to refer to an argument in which the premises assume the conclusion without supporting it. This makes it an example of circular reasoning. [1] [2]

  4. Argumentation scheme - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_scheme

    In other schemes, as in the example of the versions of argument from expert opinion in Groarke, Tindale & Little (2013), only good arguments fit the scheme because the criteria for goodness are included as premises, [32] so if any one of the premises is false, the conclusion should not be accepted.

  5. Argument - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument

    If yes, the argument is strong. If no, it is weak. A strong argument is said to be cogent if it has all true premises. Otherwise, the argument is uncogent. The military budget argument example is a strong, cogent argument. Non-deductive logic is reasoning using arguments in which the premises support the conclusion but do not entail it.

  6. Premise - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premise

    A premise or premiss [a] is a proposition—a true or false declarative statement—used in an argument to prove the truth of another proposition called the conclusion. [1] Arguments consist of a set of premises and a conclusion. An argument is meaningful for its conclusion only when all of its premises are true. If one or more premises are ...

  7. Argumentation theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_theory

    Example of an early argument map, from Richard Whately's Elements of Logic (1852 edition). Argumentation theory is the interdisciplinary study of how conclusions can be supported or undermined by premises through logical reasoning.

  8. Modus ponens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_ponens

    The second premise is an assertion that P, the antecedent of the conditional claim, is the case. From these two premises it can be logically concluded that Q, the consequent of the conditional claim, must be the case as well. An example of an argument that fits the form modus ponens: If today is Tuesday, then John will go to work. Today is Tuesday.

  9. Deductive reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning

    The following is an example of an argument that is “valid”, but not “sound”: Everyone who eats carrots is a quarterback. John eats carrots. Therefore, John is a quarterback. The example's first premise is false – there are people who eat carrots who are not quarterbacks – but the conclusion would necessarily be true, if the premises ...

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