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Although men and women lie at equal frequencies, men are more likely to lie in order to please themselves while women are more likely to lie to please others. [59] The presumption is that humans are individuals living in a world of competition and strict social norms, where they are able to use lies and deception to enhance chances of survival ...
Normal lies are defensive and told to avoid the consequences of truth telling. They are often white lies that spare another's feelings, reflect a pro-social attitude, and make civilized human contact possible. [14] Pathological lying can be described as an habituation of lying: someone consistently lies for no obvious personal gain. [31]
The intentional dissemination of misstatements (disinformation) is commonly termed as deception or lying, while unintentional inaccuracies may arise from misconceptions, misinformation, or mistakes. Although the word fallacy is sometimes used as a synonym for false statement, that is not how the word is used in most formal contexts.
A lie is a statement used intentionally for the purpose of deception. The practice of communicating a lie is called lying ; a person who communicates a lie may be termed a liar . Lies may be employed to serve a variety of instrumental, interpersonal, or psychological functions for the individuals who use them.
[50] On Dan Turner's view, by contrast, the fundamental feature is "conflict or disparity" between a person's attitudes, where this may or may not involve deception. [51] Bela Szabados and Daniel Statman argue that self-deception is the characteristic attribute of "garden variety of hypocrisies."
Deception detection is extremely difficult unless it is a blatant or obvious lie or contradicts something the other knows to be true. While it is difficult to deceive a person over a long period of time, deception often occurs in day-to-day conversations between relational partners. [ 4 ]
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Lies, damned lies, and statistics – Phrase criticising misuse of statistics; Paradox – Logically self-contradictory statement; Sophist – Teachers of 5th century BC Greece; Soundness – Term in logic and deductive reasoning; Truth – Being in accord with fact or reality; Validity – Argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are