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Carminic acid (C 22 H 20 O 13) is a red glucosidal hydroxyanthrapurin that occurs naturally in some scale insects, such as the cochineal, Armenian cochineal, and Polish cochineal. The insects produce the acid as a deterrent to predators. [3] An aluminum salt of carminic acid is the coloring agent in carmine, a pigment. [4]
Carminic acid is extracted from the female cochineal insects and is treated to produce carmine, which can yield shades of red such as crimson and scarlet. [19] The dried body of the female insect is 14–26% carminic acid. [20] Steps in the cochineal harvest in Oaxaca, public mural by Arturo Garcia Bustos, Mexico
Carmine (/ ˈkɑːrmən, ˈkɑːrmaɪn /) – also called cochineal (when it is extracted from the cochineal insect), cochineal extract, crimson lake, or carmine lake – is a pigment of a bright- red color obtained from the aluminium complex derived from carminic acid. [1] Specific code names for the pigment include natural red 4, C.I. 75470 ...
The insects produce carminic acid as an antipredator adaptation. It is processed to produce the pigment carmine, which has long been used as a red food coloring and a natural dye for textiles . Dactylopius coccus , the true cochineal, is the species most commonly used today and historically, because it has a higher carminic acid content and ...
The Polish cochineal lives on herbaceous plants growing in sandy and arid, infertile soils. Its primary host plant is the perennial knawel (Scleranthus perennis), but it has also been known to feed on plants of 20 other genera, including mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella), bladder campion (Silene inflata), velvet bent (Agrostis canina), Caragana, [4] smooth rupturewort (Herniaria glabra ...
The Armenian cochineal (Porphyrophora hamelii), also known as the Ararat cochineal or Ararat scale, is a scale insect indigenous to the Ararat plain and Aras (Araks) River valley in the Armenian Highlands, including East of Turkey. It was formerly used to produce an eponymous crimson carmine dyestuff known in Armenia as vordan karmir (Armenian ...
Adult females of Dactylopius opuntiae produce red glucosidal hydroxyanthrapurin (carminic acid), which occurs naturally within their body. Morphologically, all Dactylopius species have truncate dorsal setae and clusters of quinquelocular pores associated with tubular ducts on the body of females, and no microducts and cellular anal rings ...
Cochineal became their second most valuable export from the New World, after silver, and the Spanish zealously guarded the secret of its production for centuries. [6] Carminic acid, the organic compound which gives carmine its color, was synthesized in 1991. [7]
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