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Ketamine can be absorbed by many different routes due to both its water and lipid solubility. Intravenous ketamine bioavailability is 100% by definition, intramuscular injection bioavailability is slightly lower at 93%, [7] and epidural bioavailability is 77%. [9] Subcutaneous bioavailability has never been measured, but is presumed to be high ...
The absolute bioavailability is the dose-corrected area under curve (AUC) non-intravenous divided by AUC intravenous. The formula for calculating the absolute bioavailability, F, of a drug administered orally (po) is given below (where D is dose administered). Therefore, a drug given by the intravenous route will have an absolute ...
Ketamine's rise in the dance culture was most rapid in Hong Kong by the end of the 1990s. [32] Ketamine use as a recreational drug has been implicated in deaths globally, with more than 90 deaths in England and Wales in the years of 2005–2013. [37] They include accidental poisonings, drownings, traffic accidents, and suicides. [37]
Esketamine, sold under the brand names Spravato (for depression) and Ketanest (for anesthesia) among others, [10][12] is the S (+) enantiomer of ketamine. [5][13] It is a dissociative hallucinogen drug used as a general anesthetic and as an antidepressant for treatment of depression. Esketamine is the active enantiomer of ketamine in terms of ...
Methadone. Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine and Methadose among others, is a synthetic opioid used medically to treat chronic pain and opioid use disorder. [7] Prescribed for daily use, the medicine relieves cravings and opioid withdrawal symptoms. [10]
Norketamine. Norketamine, or N-desmethylketamine, is the major active metabolite of ketamine, which is formed mainly by CYP3A4. [1][2] Similarly to ketamine, norketamine acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, [1][3] but is about 3–5 times less potent as an anesthetic in comparison. [2][4]
Psychedelia. N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or N,N-DMT) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including humans, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. [4] DMT is used as a psychedelic drug and prepared by various cultures for ritual purposes as an entheogen.
L'Absinthe, an 1876 portrait by Edgar Degas. Recreational drug use is the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness, either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime. [1] When a psychoactive drug enters the user's body, it induces an intoxicating effect. [1]