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Ketamine can be absorbed by many different routes due to both its water and lipid solubility. Intravenous ketamine bioavailability is 100% by definition, intramuscular injection bioavailability is slightly lower at 93%, [7] and epidural bioavailability is 77%. [9] Subcutaneous bioavailability has never been measured, but is presumed to be high ...
The absolute bioavailability is the dose-corrected area under curve (AUC) non-intravenous divided by AUC intravenous. The formula for calculating the absolute bioavailability, F, of a drug administered orally (po) is given below (where D is dose administered). Therefore, a drug given by the intravenous route will have an absolute ...
Ketamine, one of the most popular NMDA receptor antagonists. NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the N -Methyl- D -aspartate receptor (NMDAR). They are commonly used as anesthetics for humans and animals; the state of anesthesia they induce is referred to as dissociative anesthesia.
Esketamine, sold under the brand names Spravato (for depression) and Ketanest (for anesthesia) among others, [10][12] is the S (+) enantiomer of ketamine. [5][13] It is a dissociative hallucinogen drug used as a general anesthetic and as an antidepressant for treatment of depression. Esketamine is the active enantiomer of ketamine in terms of ...
It has a bioavailability of 20-40%, reaches peak plasma concentration in about 45 minutes, and in healthy subjects has an average half-life of 5 hours (observed range 2 - 10 hours). [7] Scopolamine is primarily metabolized by the CYP3A4 enzyme, and Grapefruit juice decreases metabolism of scopolamine, consequently increasing plasma concentration.
Tusi (tussi, tuci, tucibi), also known as pink cocaine, is a recreational drug that contains a mixture of different psychoactive substances, and is most commonly found in pink-dyed powder form.
Ketamine's rise in the dance culture was most rapid in Hong Kong by the end of the 1990s. [32] Ketamine use as a recreational drug has been implicated in deaths globally, with more than 90 deaths in England and Wales in the years of 2005–2013. [37] They include accidental poisonings, drownings, traffic accidents, and suicides. [37]
Fentanyl is a highly potent synthetic piperidine opioid primarily used as an analgesic. It is 20 to 40 times more potent than heroin and 100 times more potent than morphine; [8] its primary clinical utility is in pain management for cancer patients and those recovering from painful surgeries. [9][10] Fentanyl is also used as a sedative. [11]