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Ketamine can be absorbed by many different routes due to both its water and lipid solubility. Intravenous ketamine bioavailability is 100% by definition, intramuscular injection bioavailability is slightly lower at 93%, [7] and epidural bioavailability is 77%. [9] Subcutaneous bioavailability has never been measured, but is presumed to be high ...
The absolute bioavailability is the dose-corrected area under curve (AUC) non-intravenous divided by AUC intravenous. The formula for calculating the absolute bioavailability, F, of a drug administered orally (po) is given below (where D is dose administered). Therefore, a drug given by the intravenous route will have an absolute ...
Ketamine, one of the most popular NMDA receptor antagonists. NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the N -Methyl- D -aspartate receptor (NMDAR). They are commonly used as anesthetics for humans and animals; the state of anesthesia they induce is referred to as dissociative anesthesia.
Esketamine, sold under the brand names Spravato (for depression) and Ketanest (for anesthesia) among others, [10][12] is the S (+) enantiomer of ketamine. [5][13] It is a dissociative hallucinogen drug used as a general anesthetic and as an antidepressant for treatment of depression. Esketamine is the active enantiomer of ketamine in terms of ...
The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989 by a group led by pharmacologist David Bailey. Their first published clinical report on grapefruit drug interactions was in 1991. [9] The effect was first discovered accidentally in 1989, when a test of drug interactions with alcohol used grapefruit ...
Xylazine is a common veterinary drug used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals such as horses, cattle, and other mammals. [2] In veterinary anesthesia, it is often used in combination with ketamine. Veterinarians also use xylazine as an emetic, especially in cats. [4]
Cariprazine. Cariprazine, sold under the brand name Vraylar among others, is an atypical antipsychotic developed by Gedeon Richter, [8] which is used in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar mania, [9] bipolar depression, [10] and major depressive disorder. [6]
Fentanyl is a highly potent synthetic piperidine opioid primarily used as an analgesic. It is 20 to 40 times more potent than heroin and 100 times more potent than morphine; [8] its primary clinical utility is in pain management for cancer patients and those recovering from painful surgeries. [9][10] Fentanyl is also used as a sedative. [11]