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Praziquantel (PZQ), sold under the brandname Biltricide among others, is a medication used to treat a number of types of parasitic worm infections in mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish. [3]
Helminthiasis, also known as worm infection, is any macroparasitic disease of humans and other animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as helminths. There are numerous species of these parasites , which are broadly classified into tapeworms , flukes , and roundworms .
Schistosomiasis belongs to the group of helminth infections. [11] Diagnosis is made by finding the parasite’s eggs in a person's urine or stool. [5] It can also be confirmed by finding antibodies against the disease in the blood. [5] Methods of preventing the disease include improving access to clean water and reducing the number of snails. [5]
Praziquantel – effective against flatworms (e.g., tapeworms and schistosoma) Octadepsipeptides (e.g. Emodepside) – effective against a variety of gastrointestinal helminths; Monepantel (aminoacetonitrile class) – effective against a variety of nematodes including those resistant to other anthelmintic classes
Routes of exposure and infection include ingestion of undercooked meat, drinking infected water, fecal–oral transmission and skin absorption. Some types of helminths and protozoa are classified as intestinal parasites that cause infection—those that reside in the intestines. These infections can damage or sicken the host (humans or other ...
The larvae are able to live in water and infect the hosts by directly penetrating the skin. Prevention of infection is done by improved sanitation and killing the snails. Infection is treated with praziquantel. S. mansoni was first noted by Theodor Maximillian Bilharz in Egypt in 1851, while discovering S. haematobium.
Helminth infection has emerged as one possible explanation for the low incidence of autoimmune diseases and allergies in less developed countries, while reduced infection rates have been linked with the significant and sustained increase in autoimmune diseases seen in industrialized countries. [13] [14] [5] [15]
After several rounds of praziquantel, the prevalence of S. mekongi infections has dropped to as low as 2% in some villages. The first national policy and strategy for control of helminth infections was developed and endorsed by the Cambodian MoH in 2009. This served as the backbone of future helminth control.