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  2. Atom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

    Dalton concluded that in these oxides, for every two atoms of iron, there are two or three atoms of oxygen respectively (Fe 2 O 2 and Fe 2 O 3). [ b ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] As a final example: nitrous oxide is 63.3% nitrogen and 36.7% oxygen, nitric oxide is 44.05% nitrogen and 55.95% oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide is 29.5% nitrogen and 70.5% oxygen.

  3. Atomic, molecular, and optical physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and...

    Atomic physics is the subfield of AMO that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus, while molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules. The term atomic physics is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in standard English.

  4. Timeline of condensed matter physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_condensed...

    This branch of physics focuses on understanding and studying the physical properties and transitions between phases of matter. Condensed matter refers to materials where particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) are closely packed together or under interaction, such as solids and liquids.

  5. Rutherford model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_model

    Throughout the 1800's speculative ideas about atoms were discussed and published. JJ Thomson 's model was the first of these models to be based on experimentally detected subatomic particles. In the same paper that Thomson announced his results on "corpuscle" nature of cathode rays , an event considered the discovery of the electron , he began ...

  6. Atomic physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_physics

    Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. [ 1 ]

  7. Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics

    Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics can describe many systems that classical physics cannot.

  8. Octet rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_rule

    The bonding in carbon dioxide (CO 2): all atoms are surrounded by 8 electrons, fulfilling the octet rule.. The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.

  9. Introduction to quantum mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum...

    According to classical physics, the atoms should have emerged in a spray, with a continuous range of directions. Instead, the beam separated into two, and only two, diverging streams of atoms. [ 11 ] Unlike the other quantum effects known at the time, this striking result involves the state of a single atom.