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Candidates typically need between 300 and 600 hours of instruction in German in order to obtain the necessary fluency to pass the Zertifikat Deutsch exam. [1] Some organizations have changed the name of this exam, for example the Goethe-Institut, which has called it Goethe-Zertifikat B1 since May 2013, [2] [1] [3] but others still use the ...
The EF Standard English Test is a standardized test of the English language designed for non-native English speakers. [1] It is the product of EF Education First , a global language training company, and a team of language assessment experts including Lyle Bachman, Mari Pearlman, and Ric Luecht.
The Speaking Proficiency English Assessment Kit (SPEAK) is a test developed by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) to measure a non-native speaker's proficiency in spoken English. It is usually taken as a professional certification , especially by graduate teaching assistants and medical professionals in the American college and university ...
An intergovernmental symposium in 1991 titled "Transparency and Coherence in Language Learning in Europe: Objectives, Evaluation, Certification" held by the Swiss Federal Authorities in the Swiss municipality of Rüschlikon found the need for a common European framework for languages to improve the recognition of language qualifications and help teachers co-operate.
B1 Preliminary was first launched in 1943. It had been created as a special exam to meet the contingencies of the Second World War – catering to foreign servicemen needing English. The exam was discontinued at the end of World War II (1946). B1 Preliminary was reintroduced in 1980 under close monitoring, and was fully launched in the 1990s.
The qualification was further updated in 1984 and 1996. Following the 1996 revision, the exam covered a greater range of writing, listening and speaking micro-skills. Its Speaking test format used two candidates and two examiners and the five papers were equally weighted, each representing 20% of the available marks. [3]
The French language became an international language, the second international language alongside Latin, in the Middle Ages, "from the fourteenth century onwards".It was not by virtue of the power of the Kingdom of France: '"... until the end of the fifteenth century, the French of the chancellery spread as a political and literary language because the French court was the model of chivalric ...
Data entry is the process of digitizing data by entering it into a computer system for organization and management purposes. It is a person-based process [1] and is "one of the important basic" [2] tasks needed when no machine-readable version of the information is readily available for planned computer-based analysis or processing.